环境治理中政府间利益博弈与机制设计

在环境治理中，中央政府和地方政府作为“经济人”为争取自身利益最大化展开竞争博弈，效用目标差异是导致其竞争的根本原因。为实现双方互利共赢的帕累托最优，应设计相应的激励机制以实现地方政府从竞争走向合作，实现地方利益与区域利益的统一，经济增长和环境协调一致，促进社会可持续发展。     

基于环境变量的中国土壤有机碳空间分布特征

研究中国土壤有机碳(Soil Organic Carbon,SOC)的空间分布特征对SOC储量估算以及农业生产管理具有重要意义。以全国第二次土壤普查2473个土壤典型剖面的表层(A层)SOC含量为研究对象,探寻地形、气候和植被等环境因素对SOC空间异质性分布的影响;以普通克里格法为对照,利用地理加权回归、地理加权回归克里格、多元线性回归和回归克里格模型建立SOC空间预测模型;并分别绘制了中国SOC的空间分布预测图。结果表明:(1)SOC含量与年均降水量、年均温、归一化植被指数、高程以及地形粗糙指数呈极显著相关关系;(2)平均绝对估计误差、均方根误差、平均相对误差和皮尔逊相关系数等模型验证指标表明地理加权回归的预测精度优于其他模型,可以更好地绘制SOC在大尺度上的空间分布特征;(3)较高SOC含量主要分布在研究区东北部、西南部以及东南部,而西北部SOC含量普遍偏低。本文以期从大尺度上探讨土壤属性与环境变量之间的相关关系,为全国土壤属性的空间制图提供一定的解决方案和思路。     

西部卫星型小城镇工业用地基准地价测算方法研究——以兰州市皋兰县为例

小城镇工业用地基准地价评估是基准地价工作的难点,尤以西部地区更为典型.通过分析西部卫星型小城镇工业测算中遇到的问题,在利用住宅地价模型测算工业地价的思路指导下,借助级差系数法和比例系数法进行该地区工业地价模型比对.结果表明:当前基准地价测算方法并不完全适应于西部卫星型小城镇的实际情况,在此基础上提出模型调整法,并通过皋...     

不同能源类型密集烤房烘烤效果对比研究

[目的]探讨不同能源类型密集烤房的烘烤效果.[方法]2014年在云南大理进行了不同能源密集式烤房烘烤效果对比研究,通过试验分析了不同能源类型密集烤房在烘烤成本、经济效益及烤房温度控制等方面的烘烤效果.[结果]研究表明,最优处理为T2处理(25 kW内除湿热泵+20 kW电发热管辅助供热烤房),相比对照1 kg干烟可以减少烘烤成本1.28元,提高均价1.54元,中上等烟比例也有所提高,且烤房温度控制精准性好,其次是生物质燃烧机烤房和甲醇燃烧机烤房,但结合烤房的实际应用性,当前生物质燃烧机烤房最具推广价值.[结论]研究可为今后新能源烤房的开发与应用奠定基础.     

Soil fauna across Central European sandstone ravines with temperature inversion: From cool and shady to dry and hot places

Sandstone massifs with their deep ravines or gorges offer the instructive opportunity to study the response of organisms to steep environmental gradients. In 2008–2010, many groups of soil fauna were studied along transects across three ravines in the Bohemian Switzerland National Park (north-western Czech Republic), a part of the Elbe Sandstone Massif. Each transect included five sampling positions: two opposite edges, two opposite mid-slope positions, and the ravine bottom. The ravines had a specific microclimate characterized by temperature inversion. In general, the cooler and more humid ravine bottoms had also less acid soil with lower carbon content but enriched by litter of deciduous trees and herbs. The other transect positions were characterized by spruce (mid-slopes) and pine (edges) stands with mor humus, exposed to drought in the upper parts. The soil animal communities (identified to species level) differed substantially in dependence on their position along the transects. Ravine bottoms hosted a diverse soil fauna, including a rich macrofauna. The thick duff layer of acid soils on the slopes and edges hosted a poorer fauna but supported high densities of important decomposers such as enchytraeids, oribatid mites and microbivorous nematodes. In general, these were higher on the slopes, presumably due to the drought exposure of the edges. Vertical position in the ravine and soil pH were the most important factors explaining community composition. This confirmed that the area's high geomorphological diversity, leading to steep microclimatic gradients and heterogenous soil conditions, is a major cause of its high biodiversity. A shift in community structure in the lower parts of the ravines, observed after the first half of the study period, was possibly caused by summer flash floods. An increased frequency and severity of dry spells and flash floods due to heavy rains, predicted by relevant climate warming scenarios, will probably have an detrimental effect on the ravines'soil fauna.     

工程造价控制的几个阶段

随着社会的发展,基础设施投资力度不断加大,工程项目的建设在不断扩展,作为贯穿项目的始终的工程造价控制也势在必行,本文着重介绍了工程造价控制的几个阶段。     

农村建设中太阳能路灯综合效益评价研究

我国新农村建设中太阳能利用取得了快速发展,本文简要介绍了太阳能路灯系统的工作原理,结合某市循环经济示范村太阳能路灯系统的使用现状,采用费用-效益评价指标从经济、环境和社会效益3个方面对太阳能路灯系统进行综合评价与分析,得到太阳能路灯与普通路灯相比较,在经济上是可行的;安装太阳能路灯系统减少了对环境的污染,提高了可再生能源的利用价值,对于该旅游区的环境保护具有重大意义;对新农村建设新能源的利用,起到了很好的引导作用,为太阳能路灯系统大力推广提供一定的实践依据。